A Review on Patients with Mitral Stenosis: Pathophysiology, Investigations, and Treatment
Omar Elsaka *
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Moneer Ayman Noureldean
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Mohamed Adel Gamil
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Mostafa Tarek Ghazali
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Ashraf Hamada Abd Al-Razik
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Dalia Hisham
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Mitral stenosis (MS) is a common valvular condition marked by a narrowing of the mitral valve orifice and a decrease in the area of the mitral valve (MVA). While rheumatic MS (RMS) is common among young people in underdeveloped nations, degenerative MS (DMS) is more common among the elderly in industrialized countries, and its incidence is rising. DMS is frequently the result of mitral annular calcification that has progressed to a late stage (MAC). Because of the modifications in the atrial and valvular structures, as well as the presence of other comorbidities in this aging population, accurate measurement of MVA in patients with MAC is difficult. We will compare and contrast the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic assessment, and therapy of DMS with RMS. The most up-to-date therapeutic techniques will be reviewed, including medicinal, surgical, and transcatheter valvular procedures.
Conclusion: The goal of this review article is to go over the causes of mitral stenosis, the typical exam of a patient with mitral stenosis, the treatment for mitral stenosis, and the modalities for improving care coordination among interprofessional team members to improve outcomes for patients with mitral stenosis.
Keywords: Mitral valve, pathophysiology, degenerative mitral stenosis, echocardiography, mitral annular calcification, valvular disease